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Bio
John Glass is a professor, leader of the JCVI Synthetic Biology Group, and La Jolla, CA Campus Director at the J. Craig Venter Institute. His expertise is in molecular biology, microbial pathogenesis, RNA virology, and microbial genomics. Dr. Glass is also an adjunct faculty member of the University of Maryland at College Park Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, and member of the Global Viral Network Scientific Leadership Board.
Dr. Glass is part of the Venter Institute team that created a synthetic bacterial cell. In reaching this milestone, the Venter Institute scientists developed the fundamental techniques of the new field of synthetic genomics including genome transplantation and genome assembly. Dr. Glass was also leader of the JCVI project that rapidly made synthetic influenza virus vaccine strains in collaboration with Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., and Synthetic Genomics, Inc. At the JCVI he has also led the bacterial outer membrane vesicle based vaccine, genome transplantation, and Mycoplasma genitalium minimal genome projects, and projects studying other mycoplasma and ureaplasma species. Glass and his Venter Institute colleagues are now using synthetic biology and synthetic genomics approaches developed at the JCVI to create cells and organelles with redesigned genomes to make microbes that can produce biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and industrially valuable molecules.
Prior to joining the JCVI, Dr. Glass spent five years in the Infectious Diseases Research Division of the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly. There he directed a hepatitis C virology group and a microbial genomics group (1998-2003).
Dr. Glass earned his undergraduate (Biology) and graduate degrees (Genetics) from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His PhD work was on RNA virus genetics in the laboratory of Gail Wertz. He was on the faculty and did postdoctoral fellowships in the Microbiology Department of the University of Alabama at Birmingham in polio virology with Casey Morrow and mycoplasma pathogenesis with Gail Cassell (1990-1998). On sabbatical leave in Ellison Chen’s lab at Applied Biosystems, Inc. (1995-1997) he sequenced the genome of Ureaplasma parvum and began his study of mycoplasma genomics.
Publications
Publications
Cell. 2026-03-09;
Bringing the genetically minimal cell to life on a computer in 4D
Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology. 2025-12-01; 33.1: 29.
Rapid assembly of functional modules for generating human artificial chromosome constructs compatible with epigenetic centromere seeding
ACS synthetic biology. 2025-06-20; 14.6: 1905-1911.
Meeting Proceedings from 4th Minimal Cell Workshop: Exploring JCVI Minimal Cell Fundamental Insights and Integrative Applications
Journal of bacteriology. 2025-03-20; 207.3: e0041524.
Robust and highly efficient transformation method for a minimal mycoplasma cell
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2024-12-20; 386.6728: 1351-1353.
Confronting risks of mirror life
Frontiers in microbiology. 2024-05-31; 15.1411609.
Cloning and sequencing analysis of whole Spiroplasma genome in yeast
ACS synthetic biology. 2024-04-19; 13.4: 1128-1141.
Minimal Bacterial Cell JCVI-syn3B as a Chassis to Investigate Interactions between Bacteria and Mammalian Cells
ACS synthetic biology. 2024-04-19; 13.4: 974-997.
Building Synthetic Cells─From the Technology Infrastructure to Cellular Entities
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2024-03-22; 383.6689: 1344-1349.
Efficient formation of single-copy human artificial chromosomes
iScience. 2023-09-15; 26.9: 107500.
Adaptive evolution of a minimal organism with a synthetic genome
Nature. 2023-07-05;
Evolution of a minimal cell
ACS synthetic biology. 2023-06-16; 12.6: 1616-1623.
Cell-Free Expression System Derived from a Near-Minimal Synthetic Bacterium
Trends in cell biology. 2022-11-01; 32.11: 900-907.
Cellular mechanics during division of a genomically minimal cell
The journal of physical chemistry. B. 2022-09-15; 126.36: 6820-6834.
Toward the Complete Functional Characterization of a Minimal Bacterial Proteome
mBio. 2022-08-30; 13.4: e0163022.
Metabolite Damage and Damage Control in a Minimal Genome
Cell. 2022-07-21; 185.15: 2708-2724.
Synthetic chromosomes, genomes, viruses, and cells
Synthetic biology (Oxford, England). 2022-05-21; 7.1: ysac008.
Traditional protocols and optimization methods lead to absent expression in a mycoplasma cell-free gene expression platform
mSystems. 2022-04-26; 7.2: e0146621.
High-Content Screening and Computational Prediction Reveal Viral Genes That Suppress the Innate Immune Response
Cell. 2022-01-20; 185.2: 345-360.e28.
Fundamental behaviors emerge from simulations of a living minimal cell
Cellular microbiology. 2021-12-01; 23.12: e13392.
Blockade of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death by Ureaplasma parvum vacuolating factor
Frontiers in molecular biosciences. 2021-07-22; 8.644133.
Generating Chromosome Geometries in a Minimal Cell From Cryo-Electron Tomograms and Chromosome Conformation Capture Maps
Cell. 2021-04-29; 184.9: 2430-2440.e16.
Genetic requirements for cell division in a genomically minimal cell
Viruses. 2021-04-01; 13.4:
Rescue of Infectious Sindbis Virus by Yeast Spheroplast-Mammalian Cell Fusion
International journal of molecular sciences. 2020-09-26; 21.19:
Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements in Kluyveromyces marxianus Revealed by Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Sequencing
Experimental cell research. 2020-03-15; 388.2: 111851.
Technology used to build and transfer mammalian chromosomes
Frontiers in molecular biosciences. 2019-11-28; 6.130.
Kinetic Modeling of the Genetic Information Processes in a Minimal Cell
Journal of bacteriology. 2019-10-01; 201.19:
Polar Effects of Transposon Insertion into a Minimal Bacterial Genome
Microbiology (Reading, England). 2019-06-01; 165.6: 662-667.
Sialidase and N-acetylneuraminate catabolism in nutrition of Mycoplasma alligatoris
eLife. 2019-01-18; 8.
Essential metabolism for a minimal cell
ACS synthetic biology. 2019-01-15;
Direct transfer of a Mycoplasma mycoides genome to yeast is enhanced by removal of the mycoides glycerol uptake factor gene glpF
ACS synthetic biology. 2018-06-15; 7.6: 1538-1552.
Tuning Gene Activity by Inducible and Targeted Regulation of Gene Expression in Minimal Bacterial Cells
Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology. 2017-12-01; 9.12:
Minimal Cells-Real and Imagined
Scientific reports. 2016-08-04; 6.30714.
One step engineering of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA using CRISPR/Cas9
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2016-03-25; 351.6280: aad6253.
Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome
Genome research. 2015-03-01; 25.3: 435-44.
Bacterial genome reduction using the progressive clustering of deletions via yeast sexual cycling
International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM. 2014-11-01; 304.8: 1218-25.
Random insertion and gene disruption via transposon mutagenesis of Ureaplasma parvum using a mini-transposon plasmid
Nucleic acids research. 2014-08-01; 42.14: e111.
Simultaneous non-contiguous deletions using large synthetic DNA and site-specific recombinases
Nature protocols. 2014-04-01; 9.4: 743-50.
Transferring whole genomes from bacteria to yeast spheroplasts using entire bacterial cells to reduce DNA shearing
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2014-02-07; 343.6171: 656-661.
A structurally distinct human mycoplasma protein that generically blocks antigen-antibody union
Frontiers in microbiology. 2014-01-01; 5.369.
Rescue of mutant fitness defects using in vitro reconstituted designer transposons in Mycoplasma mycoides
PloS one. 2013-12-11; 8.12: e81862.
A metagenomic framework for the study of airborne microbial communities
Journal of biological engineering. 2013-12-10; 7.1: 30.
Assembly of eukaryotic algal chromosomes in yeast
Nature methods. 2013-05-01; 10.5: 410-2.
Direct transfer of whole genomes from bacteria to yeast
Nucleic acids research. 2012-11-01; 40.20: 10375-83.
Sequence analysis of a complete 1.66 Mb Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 genome cloned in yeast
ACS synthetic biology. 2012-07-20; 1.7: 267-73.
Assembly of large, high G+C bacterial DNA fragments in yeast
Applied and environmental microbiology. 2010-08-01; 76.15: 5297-9.
Targeted chromosomal knockouts in Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2010-07-02; 329.5987: 52-6.
Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome
Nucleic acids research. 2010-05-01; 38.8: 2558-69.
Cloning whole bacterial genomes in yeast
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2009-09-25; 325.5948: 1693-6.
Creating bacterial strains from genomes that have been cloned and engineered in yeast
Molecular systems biology. 2009-01-01; 5.330.
A systems biology tour de force for a near-minimal bacterium
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2008-02-29; 319.5867: 1215-20.
Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome
PloS one. 2008-01-23; 3.1: e1456.
The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: metagenomic characterization of viruses within aquatic microbial samples
Science (New York, N.Y.). 2007-08-03; 317.5838: 632-8.
Genome transplantation in bacteria: changing one species to another
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006-01-10; 103.2: 425-30.
Essential genes of a minimal bacterium
Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2003-05-01; 23.5: 247-57.
Synergistic antiviral activity of human interferon combinations in the hepatitis C virus replicon system
Nature. 2000-10-12; 407.6805: 757-62.
The complete sequence of the mucosal pathogen Ureaplasma urealyticum
Projects
Coronavirus Research
Overview of various projects related to the novel coronavirus pandemic.Risks of mirror bacteria
In this study we discuss the feasibility and potential risks of creating an alternative form of life called mirror bacteria.
Video
News
Team simulates a living cell that grows and divides
The race to stop mirror organisms
If created, these versions of the building blocks of life could lead to environmental and ecological disaster
Mirror Bacteria Research Poses Significant Risks, Dozens of Scientists Warn
Synthetic biologists make artificial cells, but one particular kind isn’t worth the risk.
Researchers call for global discussion about possible risks from “mirror bacteria”
Tae Seok Moon, Ph.D. and Nan Zhu, Ph.D. join J. Craig Venter Institute faculty
JCVI continues to actively recruit faculty to expand core research areas, including human health and synthetic biology
Scientists develop method to efficiently construct single-copy human artificial chromosomes (HACs)
This new tool will allow scientists to work in mammalian systems in ways only previously available in bacteria and yeast
HACs have wide potential research applications to synthetic biologists and may eventually aid in delivering DNA in clinical applications
12th Build-a-Cell Workshop hosted at J. Craig Venter Institute in La Jolla
The workshop will take place March 29, 2024 with registration closing March 19
Bringing cells to life … and to Minecraft: $30 million NSF grant to support whole-cell modeling at the Beckman Institute
Beckman researchers and collaborators received $30 million from the U.S. National Science Foundation to establish the NSF Science and Technology Center for Quantitative Cell Biology. The center will develop whole-cell models to transform our understanding of how cells function and share that knowledge with diverse communities through the popular computer game Minecraft.
Lessons from the Minimal Cell
“Despite reducing the sequence space of possible trajectories, we conclude that streamlining does not constrain fitness evolution and diversification of populations over time. Genome minimization may even create opportunities for evolutionary exploitation of essential genes, which are commonly observed to evolve more slowly.”
Even Synthetic Life Forms With a Tiny Genome Can Evolve
By watching “minimal” cells regain the fitness they lost, researchers are testing whether a genome can be too simple to evolve.
Artificial cells demonstrate that “life finds a way”
Synthesizing life on the planet
What’s the smallest number of genes that cells need to grow and reproduce? Is it possible to synthesize minimal genomes and insert them into cells? What do minimal genomes teach us about life? An interview with John Glass, Ph.D.
Synthetic genomics advances and promise
Advances in DNA synthesis will enable extraordinary new opportunities in medicine, industry, agriculture, and research
Scientists develop most complete whole-cell computer simulation model of cell to date
J. Craig Venter Institute model organism-minimal cell platform provides robust tools for exploring first principles of life, design tools for genome
Genes necessary for cell division in modern bacterial cells identified
Discovery may help shape understanding of primitive cell division
Synthetic Cell-Powered Lotion to Manage Type 1 Diabetes
No More Needles! Using Microbiome and Synthetic Biology Advances to Better Treat Type 1 Diabetes
Every Day is World Food Day at JCVI
JCVI Team Awarded Two Grants Under the National Science Foundation’s “Understanding the Rules of Life” Initiative, Building on 20 Years of JCVI Research
NSF announces new awards for Understanding the Rules of Life
New projects address genetic, environmental causality in biological systems and processes
J. Craig Venter Institute Education Program Fosters Learning Opportunities with Salisbury University Students and Faculty
Teams at Venter Institute and Synthetic Genomics, Inc. Successfully Engineer 16S rRNA using One Step Process Combining CRISPR/Cas9 Systems and Yeast Recombination Machinery
First Minimal Synthetic Bacterial Cell Designed and Constructed by Scientists at Venter Institute and Synthetic Genomics, Inc.
Cell, JCVI-syn3.0, was minimized to just 473 genes
JCVI Scientists Publish First Bacterial Genome Transplantation Changing One Species to Another
Research is important step in further advancing field of synthetic genomics